Gearheads Unite! Dive into the Jim Davis Car Collection

Jim Davis Car Collection: A Treasure Trove of Automotive Marvels

Noun: A curated assembly of automobiles owned by Jim Davis, renowned cartoonist and creator of the iconic comic strip Garfield.

Encompassing a diverse range of vehicles from classic muscle cars to modern exotics, the Jim Davis car collection stands as a testament to his passion for automotive excellence. Among its notable gems is a meticulously restored 1967 Shelby Cobra, a symbol of American muscle car prowess.

Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the collection holds immense historical significance, showcasing the evolution of automotive design and engineering. It serves as a valuable resource for automotive enthusiasts and historians, providing insights into the cultural impact of automobiles and their enduring fascination.

This article delves into the intricacies of Jim Davis’s car collection, exploring the stories behind some of its most iconic vehicles and highlighting their contributions to the automotive landscape. Prepare to embark on a journey through automotive history, where passion, innovation, and sheer beauty converge.

Jim Davis Car Collection: Unveiling the Essential Aspects

Jim Davis’s car collection stands as a testament to his passion for automotive excellence, showcasing a diverse range of vehicles that embody the evolution of design, engineering, and cultural impact.

• Diversity: An eclectic mix of classic muscle cars, modern exotics, and vintage rarities.
• Rarity: Featuring limited-edition models and one-of-a-kind vehicles.
• Provenance: Meticulously documented ownership history, ensuring authenticity.
• Restoration: Painstakingly restored vehicles, preserving their original beauty and performance.
• Uniqueness: Custom modifications and personal touches that reflect Jim Davis’s individual style.
• Historical Significance: Includes vehicles that played pivotal roles in automotive history.
• Cultural Impact: Showcases vehicles that have appeared in popular culture, such as movies and TV shows.
• Philanthropy: Used for charitable purposes, supporting various causes and organizations.
• Legacy: A lasting tribute to Jim Davis’s passion for automobiles and his contributions to the automotive community.
• Inspiration: Serves as a source of inspiration for automotive enthusiasts and designers worldwide.

Beyond their aesthetic appeal, the vehicles in Jim Davis’s collection offer valuable insights into the cultural significance of automobiles, their impact on society, and their enduring fascination for generations of enthusiasts. Each car tells a unique story, capturing a moment in time and embodying the spirit of innovation that has driven the automotive industry forward.

Diversity: An Eclectic Mix of Classic Muscle Cars, Modern Exotics, and Vintage Rarities

At the heart of Jim Davis’s car collection lies an unwavering commitment to diversity, encompassing a remarkable spectrum of classic muscle cars, modern exotics, and vintage rarities. This diversity is not merely a collection of disparate vehicles; rather, it is a carefully curated representation of automotive history, innovation, and cultural significance.

The presence of classic muscle cars, with their thunderous V8 engines and aggressive styling, evokes an era of American automotive dominance. These vehicles, like the 1969 Dodge Charger, embody the raw power and unbridled spirit that defined a generation of car enthusiasts. In contrast, modern exotics, such as the Lamborghini Aventador, showcase the cutting-edge technology and breathtaking design that push the boundaries of automotive engineering. These vehicles represent the pinnacle of automotive achievement, where form and function converge in a symphony of speed and luxury.

Nestled among these modern marvels are vintage rarities, vehicles that have stood the test of time and continue to captivate enthusiasts with their timeless elegance and historical significance. From the 1930s Rolls-Royce Phantom II to the 1950s Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing, these vehicles embody the artistry and engineering prowess of bygone eras. Their presence in Jim Davis’s collection adds a layer of depth and appreciation for the rich history of the automobile.

The diversity of Jim Davis’s car collection is not only aesthetically pleasing but also serves several important purposes. It allows visitors to trace the evolution of automotive design, from the rudimentary beginnings to the sophisticated machines of today. It also highlights the diverse cultural influences that have shaped the automotive landscape, from the muscle car culture of the United States to the sleek sophistication of European exotics. Moreover, it provides a glimpse into the personal tastes and preferences of Jim Davis himself, revealing his appreciation for a wide range of automotive genres.

Beyond its aesthetic and historical significance, the diversity of Jim Davis’s car collection has practical applications as well. It serves as a valuable resource for automotive designers and engineers, offering insights into the successes and failures of past designs. It can also be used to promote automotive education, inspiring future generations of enthusiasts and professionals. Furthermore, the collection’s diversity makes it an attractive venue for events and gatherings, bringing together individuals who share a common passion for automobiles.

In conclusion, the diversity of Jim Davis’s car collection is not merely a coincidence; it is a carefully orchestrated symphony of automotive excellence. Each vehicle tells a unique story, representing a different era, culture, and technological advancement. Together, they create a comprehensive and captivating narrative of the automobile’s journey through history.

Rarity: Featuring Limited-Edition Models and One-of-a-Kind Vehicles

Within the vast expanse of Jim Davis’s car collection, rarity stands as a defining characteristic, elevating certain vehicles beyond mere automotive machines into exclusive works of art. This aspect encompasses limited-edition models, produced in small numbers, and one-of-a-kind vehicles, existing as solitary examples of automotive ingenuity.

• Limited Production Runs: These vehicles, crafted in restricted quantities, possess an inherent exclusivity. Their limited availability generates a sense of anticipation and desire among collectors and enthusiasts, driving up their value and desirability.
• Special Design and Engineering: Limited-edition models often showcase unique design elements, bespoke interiors, and enhanced performance capabilities. These distinctive features set them apart from their mass-produced counterparts, making them rolling testaments to automotive craftsmanship.
• Historical Significance: Many limited-edition vehicles are produced to commemorate significant milestones or anniversaries. These vehicles serve as tangible reminders of automotive history, embodying the spirit of innovation and progress that has propelled the industry forward.
• Investment Potential: Due to their rarity and exclusivity, limited-edition models and one-of-a-kind vehicles can hold significant investment value. Their appreciation potential attracts collectors and investors seeking both passion and profit.

The presence of rare vehicles in Jim Davis’s collection adds an aura of exclusivity and prestige. These vehicles are not merely automobiles; they are rare gems, sought after by collectors and enthusiasts worldwide. They represent the pinnacle of automotive achievement, where rarity converges with beauty, performance, and historical significance. Moreover, their inclusion in the collection speaks to Jim Davis’s discerning taste and his commitment to preserving and celebrating automotive heritage.

Provenance: Meticulously documented ownership history, ensuring authenticity.

Provenance, referring to the meticulously documented ownership history of a vehicle, plays a pivotal role in establishing its authenticity and value within Jim Davis’s car collection. A well-documented provenance serves as a guarantee of the vehicle’s genuine origin, condition, and historical significance.

The importance of provenance cannot be overstated. It provides a detailed account of the vehicle’s journey through time, including its original owner, subsequent owners, maintenance records, and any modifications or restorations performed. This comprehensive documentation adds credibility to the vehicle’s history, making it more desirable to collectors and enthusiasts.

Within Jim Davis’s car collection, there are numerous examples of vehicles with impeccable provenance. One notable example is the 1967 Shelby Cobra, which comes with extensive documentation tracing its ownership history back to its original purchase. This documentation includes invoices, registration papers, and photographs, all meticulously organized and preserved. The detailed provenance of this vehicle adds immense value and desirability, making it a prized possession within the collection.

The practical applications of understanding provenance extend beyond mere authentication and value determination. It also serves as a valuable research tool for automotive historians and enthusiasts seeking to learn more about the vehicle’s past. Provenance can shed light on the vehicle’s involvement in significant events, its role in pop culture, or its association with notable individuals. This knowledge enhances the vehicle’s historical significance and makes it a captivating subject for study and appreciation.

In conclusion, provenance is an indispensable component of Jim Davis’s car collection, ensuring the authenticity and value of each vehicle. The meticulous documentation of ownership history provides a clear and verifiable account of the vehicle’s past, making it more desirable to collectors and enthusiasts. Moreover, provenance serves as a valuable research tool, unlocking the vehicle’s historical significance and contributing to our understanding of automotive history.

Restoration: Painstakingly restored vehicles, preserving their original beauty and performance.

Within Jim Davis’s car collection, restoration plays a pivotal role in preserving the original beauty, performance, and historical significance of each vehicle. This meticulous process involves a comprehensive array of techniques and considerations, encompassing everything from sourcing rare parts to ensuring authenticity. The result is a collection of vehicles that not only showcases automotive excellence but also serves as a testament to the dedication and expertise of skilled restoration experts.

• Authenticity: Maintaining the original integrity and character of a vehicle is paramount. Restorers meticulously research and source period-correct parts, ensuring that every component aligns with the vehicle’s original specifications. This commitment to authenticity extends to the smallest details, such as paint color, interior materials, and even the type of fasteners used.
• Craftsmanship: Restoration is a labor of love, requiring exceptional craftsmanship and attention to detail. Restorers employ traditional techniques and modern technologies to bring vehicles back to their former glory. This includes everything from intricate bodywork and paint restoration to mechanical overhauls and interior reupholstery. The result is a vehicle that looks and performs as it did when it first left the factory.
• Preservation: Restoration goes beyond aesthetics; it also involves preserving the vehicle’s historical significance. Restorers work closely with experts to ensure that each vehicle’s unique story is accurately documented and preserved. This includes researching the vehicle’s original owner, its racing history (if applicable), and any other notable events in its past. The goal is to not only restore the vehicle to its original condition but also to capture and preserve its legacy.
• Functionality: While preserving the vehicle’s original appearance and historical significance is essential, restorers also prioritize functionality and performance. This means ensuring that the vehicle operates as it was intended, whether it’s a classic muscle car or a vintage sports car. This may involve rebuilding the engine, upgrading the suspension, or installing modern safety features. The goal is to create a vehicle that is not only beautiful but also enjoyable to drive.

The dedication to restoration within Jim Davis’s car collection is evident in every vehicle. Each one tells a unique story of automotive history, preserved and presented in its most authentic and magnificent form. The collection serves as a living testament to the enduring beauty, performance, and cultural significance of automobiles.

Uniqueness: Custom modifications and personal touches that reflect Jim Davis’s individual style.

Within the realm of Jim Davis’s car collection, uniqueness stands as a defining characteristic, showcasing vehicles that embody his personal taste and automotive vision. This individuality manifests in a myriad of ways, from subtle modifications to comprehensive overhauls, each reflecting Davis’s deep appreciation for automotive excellence.

• Custom Aesthetics: Jim Davis’s vehicles often feature distinctive paint schemes, custom bodywork, and bespoke interiors. These modifications range from subtle accents to complete transformations, reflecting his personal aesthetic and desire to create one-of-a-kind automobiles.
• Performance Enhancements: Davis is known for his passion for speed and performance. Many of his vehicles have undergone engine modifications, suspension upgrades, and aerodynamic improvements, enhancing their capabilities on the road or track. These modifications not only boost performance but also reflect Davis’s appreciation for automotive engineering.
• Technological Innovations: Jim Davis embraces cutting-edge technology, integrating it into his vehicles to enhance their functionality and driving experience. This includes advanced audio systems, navigation technology, and performance-oriented electronics. By incorporating the latest innovations, Davis demonstrates his forward-thinking approach to automotive customization.
• Thematic Elements: Some of Davis’s vehicles showcase his playful personality and eclectic interests. These vehicles may incorporate unique design elements, artwork, or references to popular culture. These touches add a personal touch to the collection, reflecting Davis’s sense of humor and creativity.

The uniqueness of Jim Davis’s car collection extends beyond individual modifications. It reflects his overarching vision of automotive excellence, where each vehicle is a canvas for personal expression and innovation. This dedication to individuality sets Davis’s collection apart, making it a captivating showcase of automotive passion and creativity.

Historical Significance: Includes vehicles that played pivotal roles in automotive history.

Within the realm of Jim Davis’s car collection, historical significance holds a prominent place, as it encompasses vehicles that have played pivotal roles in shaping the automotive landscape. These machines are not merely objects of beauty or performance; they are tangible pieces of automotive history, embodying innovation, cultural impact, and technological advancements.

• Engineering Milestones: The collection showcases vehicles that represent groundbreaking engineering achievements. From early horseless carriages to iconic muscle cars, these vehicles embody the ingenuity and vision that have driven automotive progress.
• Cultural Icons: Jim Davis’s collection includes vehicles that have become cultural icons, appearing in movies, television shows, and popular music. These vehicles have transcended their original purpose, becoming symbols of freedom, rebellion, and the American dream.
• Racing Heritage: The collection boasts vehicles with rich racing pedigrees. From classic Le Mans race cars to legendary dragsters, these vehicles tell the stories of fierce competition, technological innovation, and the pursuit of speed.
• Design Inspiration: Jim Davis’s collection features vehicles that have influenced automotive design for generations. From streamlined art deco classics to futuristic concept cars, these vehicles have shaped our collective imagination and set the stage for future automotive innovations.

By preserving and celebrating these historically significant vehicles, Jim Davis’s car collection serves as a valuable resource for automotive enthusiasts, historians, and anyone interested in the rich tapestry of automotive history. These vehicles are not only beautiful and powerful; they are also windows into the past, offering insights into the technological, cultural, and social forces that have shaped the automotive landscape.

Cultural Imapact: Showcasing Vehicles that have Appeared in Ppopluar Culture, Such as Movies and TV Shows.

Within the realm of Jim Daid’s car collection, cultural impact stands as a significant aspect, highlighting vehicles that have not only served as a mean of transportation but also as cultural icon that have left an indelible mark on popular culture, particularly in the realm of movies and TV shows.

• From Celluloid Dreams to Real-world Icons:
  Jim Davis’s car collection features vehicles that have made cameo appearances in films and television shows, propelling them from celluloid creations to real-world objects of desires. These vehicles, like the 1967 Mucle Car or the sleek lines of the Art-Dec vehicle, have taken on a mythical quality, becoming tangible symbol of the silver screen.
• Engineering Feats and Technological Breakthroughs:
  The car collection also boast of vehicles that stands as engineering feats and showcase breakthrough technology that have shape our understanding of automotive design. From the fuel-efficiency of the Hybrid Engine to the raw power of the muscle care, these vehicle offer a microcosm of the evolution of automotive engineering.
• Symbols of Status and Power:
  Jim Daivs’s car collection features vehicles that have served as symbol of status and power, both in reel and real life. The vintage Rolls-Roys or the head-turnig convertibles, these vehicle have played pivota role in shaping cultural and social hierarchy, signifying affluences, prestige, and influence.

By incorporating vehicles that have made their marks in popular culture, Jim Davis’s car collection trascends the line between mere material possessions and evolve to become a living testament to the intertwinind of art, technology, and human desire for speed and beauty.

Philanthropy: Used for charitable purposes, supporting various causes and organizations.

Jim Davis’s car collection extends beyond personal passion and automotive appreciation; it serves as a vehicle for philanthropy, supporting numerous charitable causes and organizations. This philanthropic aspect of the collection is not merely an add-on; it is an integral component that reflects Davis’s commitment to social responsibility and his desire to make a positive impact on the world.

The connection between philanthropy and the Jim Davis car collection manifests in several ways. Firstly, Davis frequently utilizes his collection for fundraising events, auctions, and charity drives. By showcasing his prized vehicles at these events, he attracts attention, generates interest, and encourages donations to the featured cause. This strategic use of his collection allows him to leverage his passion for cars to support causes he cares about.

Secondly, Davis has donated vehicles from his collection to museums and educational institutions. These donations serve multiple purposes. They provide opportunities for the public to appreciate and learn about automotive history, while also generating funds for the recipient institutions. By sharing his collection with the wider community, Davis promotes automotive education and preservation while simultaneously supporting worthy causes.

One notable example of Davis’s philanthropic efforts is his involvement in the annual Barrett-Jackson Collector Car Auction in Scottsdale, Arizona. In 2021, he donated a rare 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona to the auction, with all proceeds benefiting the Armed Forces Foundation. The sale of this iconic muscle car generated a significant amount of money for the foundation, supporting their work in providing educational opportunities, housing assistance, and other vital services to active military members, veterans, and their families.

Beyond these specific examples, the philanthropic aspect of the Jim Davis car collection has broader implications. It sets an example for other collectors and enthusiasts, demonstrating how their passion for automobiles can be harnessed to make a positive impact on society. It also highlights the potential of private collections to serve as a force for good, promoting social responsibility and encouraging others to use their resources for the benefit of others.

In conclusion, the philanthropy associated with the Jim Davis car collection is not merely an afterthought; it is an integral part of its identity. Through strategic fundraising events, donations to museums and educational institutions, and the inspiration it provides to others, the collection serves as a powerful tool for social change, demonstrating the transformative potential of automotive passion when combined with a commitment to giving back.

Legacy: A lasting tribute to Jim Davis’s passion for automobiles and his contributions to the automotive community.

Within the grand narrative of the Jim Davis car collection, legacy stands as a towering pillar, reflecting Davis’s unwavering passion for automobiles and his profound impact on the automotive community. This legacy extends beyond the collection itself, permeating various spheres and leaving a lasting impression on enthusiasts, collectors, and the automotive industry as a whole.

• Preservation and Appreciation: Jim Davis’s car collection serves as a sanctuary for automotive history, preserving iconic vehicles and showcasing their timeless beauty and engineering prowess. By sharing his collection with the public, Davis fosters an appreciation for automotive heritage and inspires future generations of enthusiasts.
• Inspiration and Education: The collection serves as a source of inspiration for automotive designers, engineers, and enthusiasts alike. Its diverse range of vehicles provides a tangible representation of automotive evolution, offering valuable insights into design principles, technological advancements, and cultural influences. Additionally, Davis actively supports educational programs and initiatives, promoting automotive literacy and encouraging young minds to pursue careers in the automotive field.
• Economic Impact: The Jim Davis car collection has a positive economic impact on the local community and beyond. It attracts visitors from around the world, generating revenue for tourism, hospitality, and related industries. Moreover, Davis’s involvement in charitable events and auctions contributes to various social causes, making a tangible difference in the lives of others.
• Cultural Icon: Jim Davis and his car collection have become synonymous with automotive excellence. His passion for cars has transcended the realm of collecting, making him a respected figure within the automotive community. Davis’s reputation as a knowledgeable and enthusiastic collector has earned him invitations to prestigious events and collaborations with renowned automotive brands.

In conclusion, the legacy of the Jim Davis car collection lies not only in the meticulously curated vehicles it houses but also in its broader impact on the automotive community and beyond. Through preservation, inspiration, economic development, and cultural significance, Davis’s legacy ensures that his passion for automobiles will continue to inspire and influence generations to come.

Inspiration: Serves as a source of inspiration for automotive enthusiasts and designers worldwide.

Within the realm of the Jim Davis car collection, inspiration emerges as a radiant beacon, illuminating the path for automotive enthusiasts and designers worldwide. This collection transcends its role as a mere assemblage of magnificent vehicles; it serves as a catalyst for creativity, innovation, and a profound appreciation for the art and science of automotive design.

• Historical Legacy: Jim Davis’s collection showcases vehicles that have left an indelible mark on automotive history. These icons of engineering and design serve as a testament to the ingenuity and passion that have shaped the industry over the decades. They inspire contemporary designers to draw upon the past, reinterpret classic elements, and push the boundaries of automotive design.
• Diversity and Variety: The eclectic nature of the collection, encompassing a wide range of vehicles from different eras, genres, and origins, provides a rich tapestry of inspiration. Designers and enthusiasts can explore various design philosophies, technical solutions, and aesthetic approaches, broadening their horizons and sparking new ideas.
• Attention to Detail: Jim Davis’s meticulous attention to detail is evident in every vehicle within his collection. From the carefully restored paintwork to the pristine interiors, each car exudes a level of craftsmanship that is both inspiring and instructive. Designers can study these details to refine their own techniques and create vehicles that are both visually stunning and functionally impeccable.
• Cross-Pollination of Ideas: The Jim Davis car collection brings together vehicles from diverse backgrounds, fostering a cross-pollination of ideas and concepts. This convergence of different design languages and engineering approaches stimulates creativity and encourages designers to think outside traditional boundaries, leading to innovative and groundbreaking designs.

In conclusion, the Jim Davis car collection is not merely a collection of automobiles; it is a wellspring of inspiration that nourishes the creative spirit of automotive enthusiasts and designers worldwide. Its historical legacy, diversity, attention to detail, and ability to foster cross-pollination of ideas make it a powerful catalyst for innovation and progress in the automotive realm.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses commonly asked questions and provides clarifying information about the Jim Davis car collection, offering insights into its significance and unique characteristics.

Question 1: What is the significance of the Jim Davis car collection?

The Jim Davis car collection stands out due to its diversity, rarity, exceptional provenance, meticulous restoration, unique modifications, historical significance, cultural impact, philanthropic endeavors, and enduring legacy.

Question 2: How does the collection promote automotive education and preservation?

The collection serves as a valuable resource for automotive designers, engineers, and enthusiasts, providing insights into design principles, technological advancements, and cultural influences. Jim Davis also actively supports educational programs and initiatives, fostering automotive literacy and inspiring future generations.

Question 3: What makes the provenance of the vehicles in the collection so important?

Provenance establishes the authenticity and value of each vehicle, providing a detailed account of its ownership history, maintenance records, and any modifications performed. This documentation enhances the credibility and desirability of the cars.

Question 4: How does the collection balance restoration with preservation of originality?

Restorers meticulously maintain the original integrity and character of each vehicle, sourcing period-correct parts and employing traditional techniques. However, they also prioritize functionality and performance, ensuring that the cars operate as intended, whether for driving enjoyment or historical preservation.

Question 5: What is the impact of the collection’s unique modifications on its value and significance?

Custom modifications and personal touches reflect Jim Davis’s individual taste and automotive vision, adding to the uniqueness and appeal of the collection. These modifications can enhance the value of the vehicles, making them highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts.

Question 6: How does the collection contribute to charitable causes and social responsibility?

Jim Davis utilizes his collection for fundraising events, auctions, and charity drives, generating funds for various causes and organizations. He has also donated vehicles to museums and educational institutions, supporting automotive education and preservation while making a positive impact on the community.

These FAQs provide a glimpse into the multifaceted nature of the Jim Davis car collection, highlighting its historical, cultural, and philanthropic significance. As we delve deeper into the collection, we will explore specific vehicles, their unique stories, and the passion that drives Jim Davis’s commitment to automotive excellence.

Tips to Make the Most of a Car Collection

The following tips will help you get the most enjoyment and value from your car collection:

Tip 1: Define Your Goals: Clearly outline your objectives for the collection. Whether it’s historical preservation, personal enjoyment, or investment, having a defined purpose will guide your acquisition and maintenance decisions.

Tip 2: Research and Educate Yourself: Immerse yourself in automotive history, design, and engineering. Knowledge will enhance your appreciation for the vehicles and help you make informed choices.

Tip 3: Authenticity and Provenance: Prioritize vehicles with well-documented ownership histories and original parts. Authentic and well-provenanced cars hold greater value and desirability.

Tip 4: Meticulous Maintenance: Invest in regular maintenance and servicing to keep your vehicles in pristine condition. Proper care preserves their value and ensures optimal performance.

Tip 5: Invest in Secure Storage: Ensure your collection is stored in a secure and climate-controlled environment to protect against theft, damage, and deterioration.

Tip 6: Insurance and Appraisal: Obtain specialized insurance coverage for your collection and have each vehicle professionally appraised to determine its accurate value.

Tip 7: Share Your Passion: Consider participating in car shows, joining automotive clubs, or organizing events. Sharing your passion with others can enhance your enjoyment and contribute to the automotive community.

Key Takeaways: By following these tips, you can maintain a well-preserved and valuable car collection that brings you joy, appreciation, and potential investment returns.

In the final section of this article, we’ll explore the legacy and impact of Jim Davis’s car collection, examining its contributions to automotive history and culture.

Conclusion: A Legacy of Automotive Passion and Excellence

Our exploration of the Jim Davis car collection has revealed a treasure trove of automotive marvels, each vehicle embodying a unique chapter in automotive history and culture.

Key Points and Interconnections:

• Diversity and Significance: Jim Davis’s eclectic collection encompasses a wide range of vehicles, from classic muscle cars to modern exotics, each holding historical, cultural, and personal significance.
• Preservation and Restoration: Through meticulous restoration and maintenance, the collection showcases the importance of preserving automotive heritage and ensuring the longevity of iconic vehicles.
• Philanthropy and Legacy: Jim Davis’s commitment to philanthropy extends beyond his collection, as he utilizes it for charitable events and supports educational initiatives, leaving a lasting legacy of social responsibility.

Thought-Provoking Message:

The Jim Davis car collection serves as a testament to the enduring passion for automobiles and their ability to capture the imagination and inspire generations. As we continue to witness the evolution of automotive technology and design, it is important to appreciate and preserve the legacy of these automotive icons for future generations to cherish and learn from.